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STUDIES FOR CLEAR UP THE INTERACTION MECHANISMS
BETWEEN LASER AND RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATIONS WITH THE TISSUES OF UPPER AERODIGESTIVE
TRACT AND ELABORATION OF THERAPEUTICAL PROTOCOLS
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Project summary
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This project aims to promote and sustain the basic,
strategic and applied research, to understand the interaction mechanisms between
laser radiation and radiofrequency (RF) electomagnetic field with live
tissues in the case of microsurgical interventions to humans, with the
purpose to correct certain physico-morphological defects and for optimal
recovery by innovative therapies of the affected structures, in the
treatment of certain diseases and disorders in the fields of ENT (Ear,
Nose, Throat), to prevent and monitore the diseases with high impact in
population, to develope the knowledge in the field of medical sciences and
to define the applications in human pathology by promoting multisectorial
and multidisciplinary research including medicine, biophysics,
biochemistry, electronics, optoelectronics etc., to strengthen the
long-term scientific and technological cooperation between research units
in the field of physics and medicine with industry, and to develope
networks of excellence at European level in the above mentioned thematic
area.
The
nasal breathing, the isthmus faucium made up by
the soft palate, the tonsils and the base of tongue, each are essential
prerequisites for a good oxygenation, protection of the lower respiratory
tract against inflammation and for a normal breathing which provides
heating, cleaning and moisture saturation of the inflowing air and for
preserving the functional balance of the nasal sinuses and lungs.
Respiratory alterations lead to a wide range of inflammatory and infectious
diseases, alterations of voice production, snoring and sleep apnoea, with
their consequences on general health. Between 35 and 38 percent of the
adult population presents failing nasal breathing, 14 percent of the adult
population needs therapy for nasal desobstruction
and its consequences; more than 50 percent of the population over 45 years
of age snores, of which 2-5 percent develop the sleep apnoea syndrome. A
series of allergic or allergic type disorders will occur on the background
of obstructive diseases.
An
American study in 1993 shows that the treatment for these disorders costs
more than 2,2 billion dollars a year in the USA, whilst
the results are incomplete and short-lived. More than 55 percent of cases
could benefit of several laser procedures (CO2, laser diode, Nd:YAG), with good functional results.
Both laser therapy and the in-depth study of the laser tissue interaction
are justified by the easiness with which laser procedures can be performed,
their good outcomes and low costs. On the other side, the radiofrequency
technique, where very low level energies are applied to produce coagulation
zones in submucousis, well controlled, and resorbed subsequently by the organism can round up the
laser procedures. The treatment technique by radiofrequency (somnoplasty) is fast, less invasive (cuts are not
necessary), painless, cheap and the patient is not immobilized.
We
suggest a thorough, interdisciplinary and multicentrical
research to clear up the consequences of application of different types of
laser waves and radiofrequency waves on the living tissues, starting from
several authors’ expertise, dating ever since 1987, either in
treating chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, choanal atresia, vasomotor rhinitis, nasal polyps, adhesions or
in performing criptolysis, cytoreduction,
uvulopalatopharingoplasty, surgery for vocal
cords, laryngeal cancer, laryngocels, miringotomy.
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Relevance of the project
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The project is part of the
4 Programme objectiv „Optimization of the disease prevention methods,
development of medical therapies and improvement of the medical service
quality”.
The
laser and radiofrequency techniques respond to national market requirements
and not just that, to the increase of medical service quality. The major
objective of this project aims development and utilization of new surgical
and therapeutical procedures with lasers and RF in ENT. It is worth
mentioning that these technologies that use laser and radiofrequency
radiations as an active element are nonpollutant technologies, insure quick
recovery of affected tissues, eliminate the risk of infection with pathogen
germs, diminish the quantity of offals of medical consumables and increase
the accuracy degree of painless interventions.
It
must be underlined some of the main advantages of the laser and RF
innovative therapies proposed in the present project:
1.
Minimally invasive character of the laser and
radiofrequency radiation, the lack of pain;
2.
Versatility regarded to work area and implicit to
space of medical sphere;
3.
Working safety, physio-therapeutic efficiency;
4.
Minimum blooding, lack of cutting and action owing to
temperature in the case of radiofrequency;
5.
Lack of postoperative oedema;
6.
Aviodance of local infections;
7.
Possibility of application in outpatient settings;
8.
The relative low costs reported to other medical
techniques, by avoiding the postoperative therapy with antibiotics and
corticosteroids, dressing and antialgesic medication;
9.
Fast healing by avoiding the professional
absenteeism;
10.
Important economies in the health care system;
11.
Long term functional results with functional recovery
between 75 and 98%;
12.
Possibility of obtaining semnificative results by
collaboration of experts from interdisiplinary specialties and the
integration of these investigations in European areas of interest.
The
project has relevance also for the improvement of area of medical services
quality, the increase of manufactures competitivity by introduction of new
products, technologies or services with direct impact in medical network.
The laser equipment proposed to be developed based on the results from this
project is useful in large hospitals, local ones, in private cabinets and
family physicians from sanitary network, being easily to be transported and
having no contamination risk.
The
viability and success chances of the project are enough high based an the
following considerations:
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the research team includes specialists with a large
experience in the laser field and laser applications in medicine;
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the medical and (histological) phatological team of
specialists has the necessary experience to introduce the research results
in medical practice
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the laboratories involved in research activity have
all instruments and equip necessary to fulfill the project in good
conditions.
The complexity of
the project resides in the difficulty to evaluate the physical,
morphological and physiological transformations induced by laser and
radiofrequency energy, in reproducing these transformations and their
follow-up according to the anatomic site and the type of injured tissue.
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Project description - scientific and technical description
including the degree of novelty and the possibility of implementation of
results
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The applications of lasers
in medicine (surgery, therapy, imaging) were rapidly expanding in the last
20 years owing to numerous advantages brought by lasers as therapeutical
instruments: sterile interventions, lack of pain, cauterization, quick
healing or biostimulation and optimal recovery of live structures. In spite
of this situation, the process of laser-tissue interaction was not studied
thoronghly. This fact is due to the complexity of experimental
investigations, the specificity of investigated materials, the variaty of
lasers with different wavelenghts and energies, the complexity of
physico-chemical and physiological processes. The initial interest of
physicians for lasers was based on the ability of laser beams to coagulate
blood vessels in retina and to cut tissues. Nowadays, the research
continues intensively, being reported new methods and technologies in the
same time with the improvement of laser instruments and especially of the
accesories, which diversifies the application of the same laser in many
medical specialties.
Nationwide: The laser therapy is
applied in the ENT service from Sf.
Maria Hospital
since 1987. The outfit, the procedures and the studies of the CO2
laser-tissue interactions were devised, followed and turned into profit
along with scientists from IFA (Institute of Atomic Physics) Magurele (Dumitras, Dutu). By 1998, the diode laser was added to our laser
facilities. The disorders treated with these procedures were: hypertrophic
rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, septi-turbinal
adhesions, nasal polyps, tonsillar criptolysis, cytoreduction, uvulopalatopharingoplasty and stenosis
of the trachea and the larynx. We treated more than 25.000
patients whose follow-up provided interesting facts: long
time recovery (> 5 days) in patients with hypertrophic rhinitis who
underwent CO2 laser turbinoplasty in
more than 98% of cases; tonsillar criptolysis (CO2 or laser diode) with good
outcomes in 85% of the cases which, also, avoided classic tonsillectomy and
preserved the healthy tonsillar lymphoid tissue;
improvement of snoring for 2-5 years in 60-65 percent of the cases,
providing relief from snoring, sleep apnoea and their consequences.
Internationally, there are many
controversies concerning the healing and voice recovery after CO2
laser therapy as compared to microsurgery for benign lesions of the vocal
cords. Apparently, the laser inflicts minimal scarring of the Reinke space and triggers a near physiological
regeneration of the epithelium, whilst the microsurgical stripping triggers
off a rough subepitelial scarring, often
involving the muscles of the vocal cords. These outcomes provided by
experimental studies on animals prove the superiority of CO2
laser surgery (Rogerson AR et al., 1996). There
are studies which show that CO2 laser endoscopic unilateral artenoidectomy for median bilateral palsy of the vocal
cords can lead to a better reconstruction of the respiratory tract, with
good phonation, and no need for aspiration after surgery; the microanastomosis of the mucosa prevent the formation of
granulation tissue, thus triggering off the healing process. This
procedure, simpler than classic surgery, could be an alternative therapy
for bilateral vocal cord palsy (Quing et al.,
2003). In vivo tests proved minimal bleeding and carbonaceous crusts, no
after surgery complications and complete reepitelisation
of the oral incisions and near complete reepitelisation
of the laryngeal incisions by the 7th day; the thermal adjacent
tissue destruction is minimal, from 14.1 to 18.1 microns in depth in the
vocal cord and from 5.2 to 10.5 microns in the cartilage (Deviah AK et al, 2005). Australian authors used contact
endoscopy to prove the scarring of oral mucosa after CO2 laser
surgery. They applied the contact endoscope on the wound edges and looked
for cell detritus and epithelial cell migration towards the surface. The
wounds were completely healed after 72 hours, the vascular response was
noticeable after 6-48 hours after surgery (lapse of time which corresponds
to the well-known timetable of vascular activation and white cells
infiltration of the wound) (Walsh LJ,et
al,1996).
Studies
made on several lots of patients with different types of sleep troubles
(Emery BE et al, 2000; Johnson JT et al, 2002) have demonstrated the
viability of the procedure and its efficiency in the treatment of snoring,
obstructive apnoea and nasal obstructions by diminishing the tissue volume
in excess in upper aerodigestive tract. The
advantages consist in that the intervention is painless (local
anaesthesia), is fast, can be done ambulatory and the costs are reduced.
For snoring, the statistical results show a positive result with this
therapy for more than 85% of the patients, demonstrating that the treatment
with radiofrequency of the soft palate is a viable option for healing the
sleep troubles, which are socially inacceptable.
The prospects
opened by radiofrequency technique were noted some time ago by the
specialists in ENT from “Sfanta
Maria”, but the reduced financing conditions allowed only a limited
approach of this technology. According to the trends in the world, where
the first therapeutical fruits start to appear by
applying the radiofrequency technique, this project propose a detailed
research, beginning with studies on interaction between localized electomagnetic field with tissues and its dependence on
physical parameters (power, frequency), feasibility (project/experimental
model) to produce in our country of adequate instrumentation and
implementation of these results in medical practice. The
project has relevance also for the improvement of area of medical services
quality, the increase of manufactures competitivity by introduction of new
products, technologies or services with direct impact in medical network.
The laser equipment proposed to be developed based on the results from this
project is useful in large hospitals, local ones, in private cabinets and
family physicians from sanitary network, being easily to be transported and
having no contamination risk.
The main
objective of this project is to clear up the multitude of the effects
intervening in interaction mechanisms between laser and radiofrequency
radiations with the tissues of upper aerodigestive tract, to elucidate the
variety of consequences resulting from changing the laser characteristics
and using different tissues and to make a vast and coherent picture, well
documentated theoretically and with verified prediction capacity, to fully
understand all aspects that could interfere when lasers are used in this
medical specialty. By using the knowledge gathered during unfolding of this
project, the medical lasers will be characterised with a deliberate selection
of functional parameters (wavelength, operating regime, power or energy
level) to fulfil the desired clinical requirements. This logical and
pragmatical approach will certainly replace some practices in which a laser
is used when it is not necessary or it does not correspond to practical
requirements, or the laser is applied in clinical fields when its
parameters does not fulfil the requirements of established methodology.
In
the frame of this project, the following objectives will be achieved: a)
identification of minimum invasive therapies using lasers and/or
radiofrequency; b) fundamentation of physical and morphological processes
related to structural transformations in laser and/or RF irradiated layers;
c) analysis of physical and morphological changes in irradiated tissues; d)
elaboration of theoretical models regarding laser-tissue interaction; e)
verification of practical efficacy for surgical therapies with lasers and
RF in ENT; f) study of the effect of application of these new surgical therapies
to diminish collateral simptoms, to reduce the recovery time and to improve
the long term healing of the pacient; g) study of physico-morphological and
physio-pathological processes produced by laser beams and/or RF irradiation
on anatomical structures; h) study of laser-tissue interactions (there will
be analyzed before and after surgery tissues from nasal turbinates, tonsil
lymph and tongue base, larinx and trachea mucousis, velum) function on the
type of laser, type of pathology, the age of lesions, the ampleness of
symptomatology and the characteristics of the laser beam (intensity,
dimensions, exposure time); i) study of changes produced at periphery of
laser incisions and application zones of radiofrequency energy and their
effect on the functionality of respiratory mucousis; j) elaboration of
therapeutical models regarding the interaction between laser and tissue
with evaluation of specific and general local imunobiologic response and
its influence on general functioning status of the entire organism; k)
study and comparative evaluation of the influence of different laser types
and radiofrequency generating instruments on tissues; l) analysis of
therapeutical effects and morphological changes of combined therapeutical
methods, i. e. CO2 laser – radiofrequency waves, laser
diode – radiofrequency waves, on tissues in the case of hypertrophic
rhinitis, snoring, tonsillar criptolisis and larynx chronical inflammatory
pathology; m) comparison of experimental results obtained with the two
techniques (laser and radiofrequency) with international standards and
elaboration of a database; n) dissemination of the results in national and
international scientific publications by communications, conferences,
papers, round tables, articles in mass-media; o) utilisation of the results
obtained in this research both in our interdisciplinary team and in other
national and international centres with similar preocupations; p)
elaboration of therapeutical protocols for all investigated procedures,
either treatment with only laser and radiofrequency or combinations of
these techniques; q) implementation of the research results in medical
practice in the frame of an interdisciplinary centre for medical research.
To
fulfil the tasks of the project, an intensive cooperation between
specialists in the field of laser physics and engineering, medical research
and laboratory analysis is necessary. The project leader, INFLPR, has a
large experience in research, design and applications of lasers, including
their applications in medicine, while the partner Universitatea Politehnica
Bucuresti has the necessary experience in the field of confocal and atomic
force microscopy used in characterization of transformations in tissues
after laser and/or RF irradiation. „Sfanta Maria” Clinical Hospital
has the task to introduce the innovative therapeutical laser and RF
techniques in the treatment of some diseases and disorders belonging to
ENT. The new instruments and equipments to be used in the development of
the project are comparable in performance with that used by other European
countries, insuring optimum conditions for materialization of the project.
The
viability and succes chances of the project are enough high from the next
considerations: the research team includes specialists with a large
experience in the laser field and laser applications in medicine; the
medical and (histological) pathological team has the necessary experience
to introduce the research results in medical practice; the laboratories
involved in research activity have all instruments and equipements
necessary to fulfill the project in good conditions.
Work
plan:
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Stage/Objective
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Activities
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Partners
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Stage
1: Fundamentation of physical and morphological processes related to structural
transformations in laser and/or IR irradiated layers
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1.1 Identification
of minimum invasive therapies using lasers and/or radiofrequency (2 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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1.2 Interpretation of physical
and morphological processes related to structural transformations in
laser and/or RF irradiated (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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1.3 Analysis of physical
and morphological changes in irradiated tissues (2 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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Stage
2: Study for theoretical models elaboration in ENT domain.
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2.1 Elaboration
of theoretical models regarding laser-tissue interaction (3 om/luna)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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2.2 Documentary
study of technical characteristics of instruments and procedures used in radiofrequency somnoplasty
(2 person/months)
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2.3 Verification
of practical efficacy for surgical therapies with lasers and RF in ENT (3 person/months)
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Stage
3: Study of physico-morphological and physio-pathological processes
produced by laser beams and/or RF irradiation on anatomical structures of
upper aerodigestive tract
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3.1 Study
of the effect of laser and RF surgery to diminish collateral simptoms, to
reduce the recovery time and to improve the long term healing of the
pacient (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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3.2 Study
of changes produced at periphery of laser incisions and application zones
of radiofrequency energy and their effect on the functionality of respiratory
mucousis (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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3.3 Study
of laser-tissue interactions (there will be analyzed before and after
surgery tissues from nasal turbinates, tonsil lymph and tongue base,
larinx and trachea mucousis, velum) function on the type of laser, type
of pathology, the age of lesions, the ampleness of symptomatology and the
characteristics of the laser beam (intensity, dimensions, exposure time)
(3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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Stage
4: Evaluation of feasibility of RF instruments and lasers for
application in upper aerodigestive tract structures
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4.1 Evaluation
of of CO2
laser instruments feasibility on structures of
upper aerodigestive tract before and after surgery (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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4.2 Study
and comparative evaluation of the influence of different laser types and
radiofrequency generating instruments on tissues (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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4.3 Evaluation
of feasibility of RF instruments for application in somnoplasty and study
of interaction between radiofrequency fields with tissues (3
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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Stage
5: Elaboration of therapeutical models for treatment with lasers and RF
in upper aerodigestive tract
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5.1 Elaboration
of therapeutical models regarding the interaction between laser and RF
with tissue, and evaluation of specific and general local imunobiologic
response and its influence on general functioning status of the entire
organism (3 person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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5.2 Analysis
of therapeutical effects and morphological changes of combined
therapeutical methods laser – radiofrequency waves (2
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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5.3 The laser effect
on tissues in the case of hypertrophic rhinitis, snoring, tonsillar
criptolisis and larynx chronical inflammatory pathology (3
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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Stage
6: Elaboration of therapeutical protocols for treatment with lasers and RF
of upper aerodigestive tract and dissemination of the research result.
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6.1 Comparison
of experimental results obtained with the two techniques (laser and
radiofrequency) with international standards and elaboration of a
database; Dissemination of the results in specialty literature (2
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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6.2 Elaboration
of therapeutical protocols for all investigated procedures (3
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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6.3 Implementation
of the research results in medical practice in the frame of an
interdisciplinary centre for medical research/ web page creation. (3
person/months)
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INFLPR + SCSM + CMMPI
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By
the utilization of the results of this project in research and education centers,
an increase of the Romanian research competivity will follow, by exploring
the basic phenomena produced by laser radiation at tissue level and
determination of the most adequate investigation metods to improve the
results. The potential beneficiaries of this project are the medical
centres that will be able to use the therapeutic lasers in microchirurgical
interventions in order to correct some defects with optimal recover of the
affected structures, as well as in the prevention and monotoring of the
diseases with large impact in population.
The
dissemination of the research results will be acomplished by: publication
of the scientific results in national and international journals with a
large impact factor; communication of the scientific results at national
and international scientific conferences; access to databases of
participants in integrated European networks of health area.
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Project impact
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Economic impact
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Social impact
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Environmental impact
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How the theme of the project
proposal is involved in European projects ( title, acronym, proposal
number/contract, when appropriate)
Economic
impact:
- design
and implementation of new medical products for therapy; formation of a
scientific and technical basis for development of radiofrequency
instruments useful for treatment of sleep troubles;
- increase
for selling-off of laser medical instruments with improved characteristics;
- creation
of new working places with high qualification in health units network.
- improvement
of medical assistance in the Romanian health network;
- diminishing
the number of complicated cases or accidental infections;
- improvement
of patient comfort in the treatment period by using minimally invasive
methods.
- promotion
of the innovative laser and radiofrequency therapies in ENT;
- creation
of a database and promotion of scientific results at international level.
Environmental Impact:
- proposed
technology by using therapeutic lasers and/or RF have no negative effects
on enviroment, being no pollutant ones.
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Management of the project. Description of
the consortium
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Experience of the
coordinator in the research field and in project management, national
/international level
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Experience of the consortium
partners in the research field and in project implementation ,
national/international level
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Should be underline if
the project manager, managed or is managing national projects (CEEX programme, Module 1 and/or Module 3) or international
projects (please specify the name of the project(s)/proposal(s), acronym,
number of the project(s)/ proposal(s))
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Methods of management,
coordination and communication for project implementation, according to the
work plan and the detailed activities (Gantt chart, optional)
The
management on the whole duration of going on project will be assured by a
research institute with a large experience in national and international
researching programmes, NILPRP-National Institute of Laser, Plasma and
Radiation Physics. All these programmes were success fully finalised; this
experience proves the competence of the project coordinator.
Prof.
Dr. Dan C. Dumitras, Project Director is Senior
Scientist I, head of Laser Department at NILPRP and professor at University of Bucharest and Politehnica
University of Bucharest, having considerable results and activities in
physics, laser technology and laser applications in medicine and biology.
He is author of 7 invention brevets, five books and of numerous published
papers in reviews with ISI impact (more than 100).
The
project management will be done in a structure frame that has:
- Project
Management Committee, which assures the coordination at general
level of the general project activities, having forecast, command,
coordination and control functions;
- Scientific
Committee,
having a qualified consulting role for the optimization of management
decisions;
- Management
team has
specific management activities to solve the project objectives. It is
comprised by project director, responsible persons of working groups
and project responsible persons of each partner;
- Project
director, which
coordinates the management team and reports to Project Management
Committee, the development stage of imposed activities, in order to
fulfil the objectives;
- Responsible
persons of working groups, which assure the operative management of
specific activities of working groups.
A
decisive element in project management is to assure a good communication
system and changing information system based on classical elements like:
telephone, e-mail, fax, but also, to create a virtual location on
coordinator server where all partners can access the database, but also to
create a structure of integrated project.
International
projects proposed for PC7 by the consortium partners:
1. Research
training network in photonic technologies for communication, new materials
processing and bioenergineering. Programme:
PEOPLE, Call title: FP7-PEOPLE-2007-1-1-ITN, Date of submission:
07.05.2007, Proposal number: 215531, Coordonator
of 11 international participants: Prof. Dr. Dan C. Dumitras.
2. Extreme Light
Infrastructure, Programme: INFRASTRUCTURES, Call title:
FP-7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2007-1, Date of submission: 02.05.2007, Proposal
number: 212105, Responsible for Romania of 13 international
participants: Prof. Dr. Dan C. Dumitras.
3. Electrically
modified biomaterials surface: from atoms to applications, Programme:
FP7-NMP-2007-SMALL-1, Date of submission: 03.05.2007, Proposal number:
212533, Responsible: Prof. Dr. Gheorghe Stanciu.
4. Tinitusul si hipoacuzia-consecinte ale afectarii
si imbatranirii analizorului auditiv,
Programme: HEALTH-2007-2.4.5-7, Date of submission: 18.04.2007, Proposal
number: 201552, responsible: Ass. Prof. Caius-Codrut
Sarafoleanu
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Financial, material and human resources
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Existing financial, material and human resources
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Financial, material and
human resources necessary for project implementation
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Allocation and use of resources according to project
objectives/activities as mentioned in the workplan.
The basic principle of the
project is to have a good distribution of the financial resources in
agreement with the objectives. Within the project stages there is a
detailed analysis of the financial resources with respect to the work plan.
The
project budget is 2.000.000 RON, all supplied by the budget. The financial
resources are also directed to the project investments in equipment and
material expenses, necessary to fulfill the
research activities and to complete the existing equipment in agreement
with the project objectives.
The
partners have the minimum necessary equipment in their laboratories, to
start the studies on interaction between the laser and radiofrequency
radiation with the tissues of aerodigestive
tract.
The
project leader, INFLPR, has a large experience in research, design and
applications of lasers, including their applications in medicine. To fulfil
the project task there is an electronic scanning microscope – SEM (a
new and a performant system), lasers with
emission in ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum spectrum
and lasers operating from continuous wave till femtoseconds.
The partner UPB-CMMPI possesses optical microscopes with high resolution, a
laser scanning confocal microscope and an atomic
force microscope. Both the microscopy instruments are of high quality and
already verified in different biological research at interaction between
laser radiation and cells. The medical and pathological team from the ENT
Clinic,” Sfanta Maria” Hospital has
the necessary experience in lasers and radiofrequency treatment of diseases
belonging to ENT and to introduce the research results in medical practice.
To
fulfil the experimental tasks, the partners INFLPR, SCSM and CMMPI will use
the equipment that already exists in their laboratories and new
acquisitions will be made in agreement with the existent list of
acquisitions. For dissemination of the research results and an efficient
communication between partners the necessary equipment will be acquired.
The
human resources of the partners include specialists with a large experience
in physics, medicine and electronic fields (professors, researchers I and
II degree). Young students and master students from Faculties of medicine,
Physics and Electronics will be involved in the project.
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